Caesium iodide11/7/2023 ![]() The cubic phase can also be stabilized via partially substituting the I − with Br − ions 36 to form CsPbBr xI 3− x 37, 38, 39, 40. 35 developed PSCs with a PCE reaching up to 11.4% while it maintained 85% of its initial PCE after being stored in air exceeding 30 days. Later, by using sulfobetaine zwitterions to stabilize the α-CsPbI 3 film, Huang et al. ![]() ![]() The initial PCE of This sample decreased slightly after being aged under ambient condition for over 30 days. 34 introduced a bulky ammonium to form a stable two-dimensional CsPbI 3-based PSC with a PCE of 4.84%. 33 found that the HPbI 3+ x intermediate facilitates the formation of α-CsPbI 3 films at lower temperature, while the ethylenediamine cations help stabilize the black α-CsPbI 3 phase, making it possible to attain high cell efficiency of 11.8% with long-term stability for months. More recently, long-chain ammonium additives were found to have a profound impact on the resulted material structure and stability 32. Furthermore, high mobility QD films were fabricated by passivating surface of the α-CsPbI 3 QDs using a halide salt with PCE of the corresponding solar cell being increased to 13.43% 31. Excitingly, this solar cell remained stable for 60 days in a dry environment with no loss of PCE 30. fabricatedα-CsPbI 3 quantum dots (QDs) PSCs with a markedly improved PCE of 10.77%. The size-dependent phase diagrams suggest that the cubic phase becomes more stable when the nano-crystal size is decreased 28, 29. Thus, it is critical to improve the stability while increasing the initial PCE. Unfortunately, all of these devices showed very poor stability, even the well-encapsulated cells lasted for only a few days in an inert atmosphere. 27 increased PCEs to 9.40% and 10.5%, respectively. By accurately controlling the stoichiometric ratios of the precursors, Lin et al. Recently, vacuum-based vapor deposition was used to improve the PCE to 8.80% 24, 25. Further advancement has been proven difficult, it has taken more than a year for the PCE to be slowly improved to 4.68% 22, 23. 21 developed a new phase-transition scheme to fabricate α-CsPbI 3 solar cells from Cs 4PbI 6 to increase the PCE to 4.13%. These trace amounts of HI were incorporated into the crystal lattice to form smaller grains with a distorted structure that stabilizes the cubic phase at room temperature. 20 fabricated the first CsPbI 3 solar cell via an HI additive with the highest PCE of only 2.9%. There has been extensive research into the preparation of CsPbI 3 solar cells. It spontaneously turns into an undesired δ-CsPbI 3 orthorhombic phase under ambient conditions 20. Unfortunately, the most ideal black α-CsPbI 3 (cubic phase) is thermodynamically less favorable. Substituting the organic cation by inorganic Cs + to fabricate an all-inorganic perovskite is effective for improved stability under these common stress conditions 18, 19. It degrades to PbI 2 under common external stresses, such as electric fields 11, 12, moisture 13, 14, photo-oxidation 15, 16, and UV irradiation 17. Unfortunately, the hybrid perovskite suffers from unavoidable degradation because the hydrogen-bonding between its monovalent organic cation and octahedral PbI 2 is very weak 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. ![]() In fact, their power conversion efficiency (PCE) has skyrocketed from 3.8 to 22.7% in just a few years 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. ![]() There have been incredible developments in organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) recently. ![]()
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